Published:Journal of Chromatographic Science,
ISSN 0021-9665 Volume
47, Number 1, January 2009, pp. 12-18
Automated Solid-Phase Extraction Approaches for
Large Scale Biomonitoring Studies
Zsuzsanna Kuklenyik, Xiaoyun Ye, Larry
L. Needham, and Antonia M. Calafat
Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental
Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
GA 30341
The main value in measuring environmental chemicals
in biological specimens (i.e., biomonitoring) is the ability
to minimize risk assessment uncertainties. The collection of
biomonitoring data for risk assessment requires the analysis
of a statistically significant number of samples from subjects
with a significant prevalence of detectable internal dose levels.
This paper addresses the practical laboratory challenges that
arise from these statistical requirements: development of high
throughput techniques that can handle, with high accuracy and
precision, a large number of samples and can do a trace level
analysis of multiple and diverse environmental chemicals (i.e.,
analytes). We review here examples of high throughput, automated
solid-phase extraction methods developed in our laboratory for
biomonitoring of analytes with representative hydrophobic properties
and for typical biomonitoring matrices. We discuss key aspects
of sample preparation, column, and solvent selection for off-
and online extractions, and the so-called nuts-and-bolts of online
column-switching systems necessary for developing—with
minimal sample handling—rugged, automated methods.
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